Crown rot is a disease caused by a soil-borne fungus which can survive in the soil indefinitely. 5) The time it takes to reestablish your plant can be It really is that easy. 450 Ocean View Ave., Encinitas, CA  92024, Monday - Saturday, 9AM - 4PM a poor soil mix or poor soil aeration. It is usually from some type of cultural deficit. Yellow leaves showing (click photo to enlarge) }, Encephalartos caudex in pumice that you are trying to root out. Brown tips can also be an indication of rot. Fungicides can also be used prophylacticly to avoid problems if you are anticipating them. plant, the process is the same. rot and the plant is usually near death. The better one gets at this, the better grower he will become. Cycad Vague leaf discoloration or spotting can also be from fungal or bacterial infections. For questions or comments, e-mail the webmaster. If it is impossible to offer good drainage in the garden, mound up you cycads above the soil line so you can control the water content of the soil. It grows best in sandy, well-drained soil, preferably with some organic matter. winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=325,height=505,") Notice that the growth came from an area var popurl="../popup/old-broken-down-cycad-soil.htm" A  throw of leaves in the coldest part of sago palm care tips. Mounding might be necessary. minimal ability to absorb water without roots. var popurl="../popup/encephalartos-horridus-well-rooted-caudex.htm" How to avoid problems Cycad Is In Trouble! Next you will want to soak your plant in a root stimulant, like DipN’Grow, vitamin B1 or B complex (most liquid root stimulants will work), for 30 minutes. We have seen many promising cycads stall because they have lost their sunlight. The first cycad to … Moving a shade-out plant into sun often causes it to throw leaves. The latter needs immediate attention or profession consultation. Leaves can also dry up and shrivel when the plant has crown rot (central apex of the cycad), or rot of the lower trunk or roots. Firmly press the sides of the caudex. Since there are some reak cycad experts here I was hoping that I could get some advice for a couple of sick cycads. these plants can be propagated in such a manner. It may not be obvious in the will produce new plants from any part of the stem or root. Figure I sealed the apex as well as the This is usually the result of competitive more rapidly growing plants. In many cases, at this point it is too late. Check Out Plants on Sale Right Now. inwards. purchase Encephalartos woodii }, Clean there is a risk of desiccation and death of the caudex as the leaves lose water and the caudex has Spray the base of the crown, trunk and cones, getting into all the crevices. Figure 2 shows a Zamia could be used to mass-produce rare plants, especially those species with only one sex It could be too little sun hitting on the plant. Remember to only e) The leaves of your cycad can also burn from cold weather. spinulosum that totally froze to ground level and rotted after the 1989 The plant contains reserves of water to use during droughts. Cycads suffering from root rot should be dug out and washed to remove all the soil. It could be from lack of heat during the summer. I have not worked with the other genera to see from where the growth If pumice is not available, coarse sand can For the sake var popurl="../popup/pumice-clean.htm" function openpopupNOROOTSYET2(){ function openpopupECAUDEXROTSOFTTISSUE02(){ Stem/trunk and root parasites: larvae from certain beetles have been known to infiltrate the trunks of cycads causing rot to set in, which if untreated can kill your cycad. first thing one notices is that the caudex or root tissue is soft. Internet hosting provided by Zone 10, Is it still heavy in the hand? before planting. only with inquiries about Jungle Music nursery stock or mail order. It is usually due to In fact, in most cases, plant roots that remain in soggy soil will start to rot which is appropriately called "root rot." Failure will be evidenced by the The great thing about it is that cycads really do not take much maintenance at all. Does it collapse somewhat, especially toward the crown? function openpopupLARGEFAN(){ Sand I have found that perlite three inches thick. function openpopup13(){ the leaf bases very much like offsets are produced. With a lot of practice, this procedure last year it had produced even more offset type plants. function openpopupDIOONMEROLAECROWNROT(){ Help & Advice >>My Photo by William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org via CC 3.0. of root rot. Its leaves spring from a kind of short and stocky trunk, formed as scales. c) Instead, water around shrubs and trees, so that they still have access to water but don't hold moisture near the crown. In this article we have covered many of the basics in protecting your cycads. I also add some seaweed to the spray, to feed the plant. Consider diverting channels to take away ground It needs good drainage or it will rot. c) Too much sun for a shade loving species can cause this. I am not suggesting cycad will produce growth from a different part of the plant. } 1) After you have cut away the rot (trunk or roots), soak the plant in both a fungicide and root stimulant. However, sometimes months and years go by and nothing happens; no roots, no leaves. not burned. requiring treatment with fertilizer or microelements. roots Eventually, only the trunk remains. You may wish to bare root the caudex for inspection from time to time. (click photo to enlarge) With After the plant has grown to the size of a seedling it should be pruned at the crown (Hartmann et al., 2011). winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=365,height=475,") For this reason, some would say remove all of the leaves except a few and cut those remaining leaves in half. Younger fronds may rot and fall off while mature greenery may remain attached, and you may notice sap oozing from the base of leaves. However, you can see it localized to the tips of the leaves. We’ve found that a healthy caudex can take anywhere from six months to two years to establish adequate roots for survival. a drenching of fungicide, and repeat on a regular basis. Remember that the organic components of cycad mix can break down, resulting in “muck” at the bottom of the pot or an impediment to drainage. winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=475,height=430,") Try float testing the caudex. from a large Dioon can be two to Cycad Newsletter 21(3):8-10, 1998, and is reprinted here with permission Over-acid soils can likewise prevent good growth. Website Abstraction (www.wsabstract.com) seem to cause it as well. (60 inch) long. You see visible rot on your caudex or roots: Sometimes one var year=mydate.getYear() Mounds with rocks and cycads Drying out near the surface is Sometimes the collapse of these leaves is rapidly followed by a collapse of the caudex. live in a very arid part of the wourld, it would be good to lightly water every other week Most of these people have told me that their plant produced leaves and then died. Leaves have dried up, aborted, or laid down. Cycads have a cylindrical trunk which usually does not branch.Leaves grow directly from the trunk, and typically fall when older, leaving a crown of leaves at the top. Mefenoxam products have been used with some success, particularly when treating younger cycads. (click photo to enlarge) }, Encephalartos winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=383,height=440,") species will produce new plants from the outside edge of the stem. pH testers can tell you if this is your problem. If they seem weak and flimsy at their hinge point with the works very well, and seems to hold less water if you are in an area where moisture can be hide and be deceptive, even starting in the most hidden, deepest roots. Biopesticides and biological pesticides. Encephalartos horridus The nutrient solution may end up cloudy but will be fine. discussed below are quite universal to all growing areas. The solution to this is to put them in a shadier environment. You should fertilize once every three to four months, depending on your formulae and release rate. If your leaves emerge shorter than they did the last time, there In the Concentrations of cycasin, the primary toxin in cycads, are highest in the seeds and roots, but present in all parts of the plant. Send mail to phil.bergman@junglemusic.net their plant stop growing and wonder what is wrong, but do nothing. Next, soak the stem in a fungicide for a few minutes. (click photo to enlarge) Using tree sealer is not necessary, but I have found that using it will This species grows in areas varying from generally arid thorn scrub to sandy soils and in limestone sea cliffs. Notice that all the plants are Tom Broome var popurl="../popup/encephalartos-healthy-caudex-no-roots-one-year.htm" function openpopupEHORRIDUSWELLROOTEDCAUDEX(){ problems. Roots appear dark brown or black and few or no white roots or root tips can be found when the root ball is washed free of soil. “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”. Repetitive watering of the crown will lead to rot. sealer". Some of the magnificent cycad plant that was desecrated by plant thieves last July is beginning to make a recovery, and the first green shoots have begun to emerge from one of its stems. Follow the guidelines Description: Zamia furfuracea has long folds which arch from a central crown. winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=383,height=518,") winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=347,height=515,") increase your success rate. This might require special preventative cultural techniques. (click photo to enlarge) rot after you've dissected it away. Some species are faster than others. cause unsightly cycads. (click photo to enlarge) One would typically see the This article is written for fungus to form. It is particularly common with female cones in Cycas revoluta. e-mail: CycadJungl@aol.com. all cycads. This is the first sign with leaves but no roots yet, picture 2 stretch their leaves looking for more sun. or so. Rot 1: Dioon If the rot Poor ventilation often causes mold and scale problems in the greenhouse. This means that frequent overhead sprinklers can be a problem. Use a soil high in sand/pumice content. function openpopupvillosus(){ revoluta rot from the top. Zamia function openpopupENCEPHALARTOSWITHBROWNLEAVES(){ Rotting roots Any plant totally die, because they do not know what to do to save them. During this normal occurrence, the leaves are tightly held at the hinge point with the caudex. Repotting is the remedy for this problem. burn, cycad. It is interesting I cut it off and planted it. It could be from function openpopupZFAIRCHILD(){ scene, but sometimes happens and can still result in a healthy rooted There are some newly introduced species of scale that can roots are produced. is generated. If leaves are produced before the stem roots in, spray the leaves without letting Encephalartos grow better than those from Central Africa. minutes of longer. (click photo to enlarge) They seem Make sure it has microelements. to decline or possibly die if it is not addressed. It is usually some cultural type of problem, but may be simply the result of too much sun, too cold of weather, or any of the problems listed in the previous section. The plant material must be sterilized as much as possible, then the material must harden before the new growth can be produced. Cycad or Sago Palm Is In Trouble! Plant from The Cycad Society. Treatment: Systemic insecticides and in addition, carefully cut out any infected trunk tissue, then sterilize and seal the trunk to stop any fungal and bacterial infection. This is a difficult symptom to accurately diagnose and is rather nonspecific. var montharray=new Array("January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December") Make up an insecticide, (e.g. This could be nutritional Im pretty sure that they have fungal infections but Im not sure how to treat them. Get into the habit of inspecting your plants. winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=455,height=450,") ... to prevent the potential for root rot (Bergman, 2011). I First soak your plant in a fungicide, like Daconil, for 30 minutes. For tropical environments, try to avoid conditions where the plant and soil are continually damp. Without Inc. (click photo to enlarge) This is important for container culture. Ground bubblers on timers can be great for the cycad garden. Cycads (Sago Palms) Cycads (Sago palms) are native to tropical and subtropical regions, and are used as houseplants and in residential landscaping. side as it would if planted the other way. Crown rot is especially deadly once spores cover the crown. Even though there are roots, do not over-water. This is one of the most important things you can do. If the plant is in a container, change the soil. preferable on most species. var month=mydate.getMonth() make wafer-type cuts and process both sides the same as I mentioned before. I would also assume that Lepidozamia Remove the soil from around the trunk and look at the crown. Margins of leaves die. Other microelements General guideline in the treatment of tissue rot: var popurl="../popup/oscillating-large-fan-in-greenhouse.htm" Growth of infected plants slows as compared to healthy plants. A rooting caudex throws leaves before it roots. again. var popurl="../popup/cold-damage-cycad.htm" to note that the larger the cut on the stem, the more roots that will be produced. Hail can actually put small brown dots on the leaves. To prevent orchid crown rot, when watering your orchid, just water the roots – wet the potting media, but not the orchid’s stem or leaves. If the crown is collapsing, This is not always seen. One fungicide called Phosacid kills the fungus and then breaks down into phosphorus, which is one of the top three nutrients that plants need the most. You can incur rot if some problem has gone unaddressed for too long. 2) Sprinkle a powder root stimulant, like Take eye. If you see it on multiple neighboring plants or a whole collection, it is undoubtedly a major cultural problem or widespread infectious process. Any of these It is meant to stimulate the reader into inspecting his plants fact, usually these leaves will abort soon after throwing and seldom do they persist as healthy leaves. d) First set of leaves while establishing a removed sucker: Nursery Hours: This certainly makes one apprehensive, but it is not always a fatal observation. When the above ground (click photo to enlarge) A firm rot of the bud occurs. If you do the things discussed above, you should become a successful cycad grower. }. The "plant-to-be" can live off of the starch in the stem until three to six months or even longer. edule stem. Cycads, often called “living fossils,” are one of the oldest most primitive plant families and have not changed very much in the last 200 million years. var popurl="../popup/encephalartos-villosus-with-a-yellow-flush.htm" those who have a Sago Palm or cycad that is trouble For instance, Encephalartos horridus established quite quickly while The throw of new leaves might have used up the energy reserves of the villosus with a yellow flush. Try and inoculate the root crown where new roots will grow from, the idea is for new white shoots to appear in time. Most Dioons and Encephalartos want full sun. We recommend using a slow-release fertilizer like Osmocote, using an N/P/K ratio that is 3-1-2 or 3-1-3. plant the stem cutting sideways, because I have found that new plants will be produced into the pot of pumice. multi-headed plant. Yet, if they survive, could they not be able to offer some photosynthesis and creation of energy? Buds and young fronds show black lesions, and young leaves wilt. Our It is a dry medium and you are less likely to incur rot or other problems. The treatment is winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=455,height=405,") The mother plant may or may not survive, even if just in the form of basal suckers. Often this is unsuccessful. Rot manifests itself caudex, this almost always means a major problem. before. plants, you can separate the small plants, or keep them the way they are to have a Notice the roots and the new plant is formed on the Daconil, but there are many other products that will work as well. This typically means submerging the treated area of trunk or roots directly Unobserved central rot can make the caudex float. Encephalartos, and Macrozamia will produce plants from the patience with removal of unsightly leaves as felt necessary. Always follow manufacturer's instructions about usage and safety on any chemical. Plant Also see our free Or, it could be a symptom of caudex or root rot. However, it helps to know what to look for while inspecting. Don’t let it stay too damp. inside of the leaf bases. This assists in keeping the cut surface clean and also helps to protect from future rot. Sometimes it is not a major problem. When a caudex goes bad and visual inspection shows nothing, rot is often most evident near the crown of the if (daym<10) It is not a pathological condition. Encephalartos Notice For desert type environments, adjust the frequency depending on the soil moisture content. E. ferox, E. gratus, and E. villosus when they receive too much intense sun. Source: Jnzl. As the roots decay, they turn brown and slimy and can no longer absorb nutrients for the plant. The cycads live very long life without any difficulty. tan in color. Cycad (click photo to enlarge) could be one of several problems: Proper use of fungicides. small plants can be separated after they are large enough to root on their own. a) Leaves thrown during cold weather: It is not unusual for a swirl of leaves coming out during very cold weather not to reach anticipated length or to abort. Also spray the soil around the sagos every other month to kill nymphs migrating to the roots. winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=475,height=435,") b) Fertilizer damage: Leaves on a cycad can dry up when the plant has been over-fertilized. Old, particularly susceptible. The first thing to do is to inspect the caudex. If you see fungal problems or rot, treat it early. It is never the ideal Palm Care, /*Current date script credit: Regardless of your soil type, always maintain good drainage. arenarius, emerging female cone. Maintain large, active beneficial populations.Many soil bacteria and fungi can be antagonistic to root rot fungi. Sometimes it will take up to a year before all the new plants appear. requires you're bare-rooting the plant to inspect the roots and base of the Figure 3 shows the same cutting. cataphylls loose? If you can’t buy or obtain materials for a good cycad soil, think about using a cactus and succulent mix. chemical. I always recommend that you use a little less fertilizer than what is suggested on the I have talked to many people that have been lucky enough to Inspect the plant and try to diagnose and treat the problem. */ then the material must harden before the new growth can be produced. close to the outside edge of the stem. Typically, watering frequencies for temperate weather is about once, or possibly twice a week during hot weather. I had already removed 75 plants stem totally rots away or is destroyed in a freeze, most people will discard the remains. more horizontally as the plant is coning. Fax: (619) 574-1595 Distribution and habitat: Zamia furfuracea is a cycad native to Mexico in a small mountain range in central Veracruz. there were no plants on the other side, this cutting had only been processed a few months leaves, especially in the most exposed areas. }. When watering, apply a slow, steady flow of water right at the root zone but not directly on the crown/trunk of the sago palm. Pull on them gently. inorganic, sterile medium will do but I personally like sand. (click photo to enlarge) nutritional deficit, Encephalartos plant. from both sides of the stem cutting. You might see this on a recently treat the wound in a similar manner. This can occur just because of the natural cycle of the offset. prone to rot. Very alkaline soils can lock up microelements and nutrition. It usually means the caudex is in the process of or about to collapse and die. even kill cycads, especially Cycas species. (click photo to enlarge) The root totally rotted, and then the apex collapsed. trunk of your cycad to see if it is soft in exposed areas. If you live in a temperate or colder area, tropical This is not a problem; your cycad will grow out of it. Also, the leaves don’t have a nutritional flow except from the caudex. var daym=mydate.getDate() It Scale insects are the most common pest. var popurl="../popup/cycad-with-leaves-no-roots-yet1.htm" There is Inspect your plant In the garden consider amending with sand. Inspect the roots or caudex for rot. Water trees and shrubs away from the base of the plant. it air dry. However, do check for other problems described below. }. Once it has dried, I like to paint the wound with black " tree Whether you are trying to produce more plants or trying to save a dying d) Brown tipping, brown spotting, or a "limey" var day=mydate.getDay() as a dark tan to brown/black In general, additions of organic matter such as compost, grass clippings, and other material provide a food source for the soil food web helping to maintain large active populations of beneficial antagonists. d) Too much moisture can cause the same. Just like offsets, the cutting will be a clone of the original plant. Remove the stem and let Cycad See our article on cycad soil for specific formulas. whitish or light tan tissue; in such cases, cut back to hard tissue. leaf bases, as well as from the inside of the stem. If one is lucky, new suckers will emerge from this dissected level and the plant will survive. Prevention & Treatment: Avoid overhead irrigation when possible. In growing cycads, it is very important to make a habit of looking at your plants. The fungicides used on root rot need not harm the plant or contaminate the soil in the process of killing the fungus. Inspection is key to good growing of cycads. merolae with crown rot forming multiple winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=450,height=400,") Ceratozamia, cycads. More often then not, this plant is bound for the garbage can and is terminally ill. Encephalartos, healthy If the tips of your Sago or other cycad are burned the are a few things that could be going on: It is far better to water most palms and cycads with drip or low emitters that do not touch the sensitive growth centers of these plants, especially in cool or cold weather and in shade. In Canine and Feline Gastroenterology, 2013. Read below to determine what type of problem you might have. We always like to see vigorous roots before a throw of leaves. var popurl="../popup/encephalartos-arenarius-emerging-female-cone.htm" some degree from overhead leaf, which burned totally. one can dissect away the crown of the caudex until healthy tissue is found. It might even be that it’s worth many pounds of cure with cycads. You could say that they almost thrive on neglect. Prevention is the most effective way to deal with rot diseases on sago palm. The better one gets at this, the better grower he will become. }. Or, you might see it on inspecting a roots to pump water into the stem, the leaves will actually draw moisture out of the stem, Or, amend the soil with sand or pumice to increase drainage. # 12 grit How to avoid problems. Stangeria The leaves grow in a rosette form, with new foliage emerging from the top and center of the crown. Seeing yellow leaves is a relatively common Whether you are trying to produce more plants or trying to save a dying plant, the process is the same. Over 200+ free scripts here! And, often, poor culture is the cause of rot. The tips can be discolored or the leaves can be haphazardly unattractive. To This plant and its seeds are highly toxic to both humans and pets if ingested. A balanced slow-release fertilizer with a ratio of approximately18:6:18 or 18:6:12 downward So many times people will let their Horridus >>Cycad Follow the watering instructions to avoid crown rot. Below are guidelines to the treatment of large fan in the greenhouse. Sometimes the latter will even throw leaves prior to establishing roots. However, entire leaves or the See leaching instructions elsewhere for treatment of this problem Note: in some cases you may not find Keys to good culture. Scale, mealy bugs, beetles and other infestations can be troublesome winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=475,height=435,") Fortunately photograph, but there are five more callus areas already formed that will become new The plant material must be sterilized as much as possible, }, Encephalartos The most common This will change with successive throws. However, it might help save the plant. up to clean, healthy tissue. }, Cycad winpops=window.open(popurl,"","width=375,height=480,") This also explains why climates with daily monsoon seasons can lead to plants. The remedy is discussed above. function openpopupENUTRITIONALDEFICITYELLOWLEAVES(){ function openpopupOLDSOIL(){ If you lack summer heat, consider species more tolerant of your weather. Effects. Symptoms Of Root Rot. mentioned previously and practice observation, especially watching for problems or failure to thrive. wrong with their plant. It may need dissection If you suspect this, utilize fungicides or antibacterial treatments. Once repotted back into pumice, carefully avoid watering the crown on such a plant. First soak your plant in a fungicide, like Daconil, for 30 minutes. caudex, use a sharp, sterile cutting tool (knife or saw) to remove the rot. the winter can stunt their length. I had only planted this piece three months before. a) If you are acclimating your cycad (working it out into sun), the new leaves may be shorter than those which flushed in a shadier environment. It is very ominous when a plant has what appears to be big beautiful leaves and they just lay down laterally and then This will involve your talking to someone or doing a little research on your own, but it can make a huge difference in your garden. produces plants from the area just inside the leaf bases. We have also seen this problem with plants in very old soil that needs to be changed or soil that does not drain well. Sand, pumice and gravel help promote drainage. will produce a multi-stemmed, female plant. those who have a Sago Palm or cycad that is trouble This almost always means a major problem to treat and plants may not survive, could they not obvious... Are the last to die coning: the leaves to an experienced cycad grower be soft and inwards... Any part of the crown before the new growth can be found at Wikipedia stem sections... Leaves looking for more sun 've dissected it away here are with cycads... Damage during the winter can stunt their length surface is preferable on most species looking more! Wait until the roots soil around the sagos every other week or two is usually the away. Over time, this requires you 're bare-rooting the plant where the plant when they large... They wonder if something is wrong with their plant stop growing and wonder what is wrong their. Imported and established caudex whose `` biological clock '' is set to another hemisphere Dipel but a... Thing to do to save a dying plant, it poses a to. Black lesions, and repeat this treatment on a cycad native to eastern Mexico too... Back in pumice and wait suffering from root rot, simply pour a small of... Observation, especially Cycas cycad crown rot treatment will produce plants from this dissected level and the plant is in the,... And, often, poor culture is the cause of brown leaves occur! Are trying to save your cycad, and kill it to know what kind, how and... To establishing roots from harsh weather problems like hail or freezing temperatures from!, then the material must harden before the new growth can be two to three inches thick might result lack... In another upcoming article pathogen of the caudex or roots directly into the of. Let the wound dry for up to several days before planting is for white... To 7.0 if everything seems OK and you removed it for propagation turn brown and slimy and still. Is loose in the greenhouse sea cliffs cause yellow leaves from this section. To maintain a healthy caudex can take anywhere from six months or even...., get species right for your area are some of these rot types, are. More plants cut and prepared so new roots will grow from the rotting of stems and roots into pumice carefully... They not be able to offer some photosynthesis and creation of energy avoid overhead irrigation when.! Apex has rotted, and repeat this treatment on a regular basis drainage... To experiment with every week or so plants come from the top of the get! Spores cover the crown the tips of the root rot need not harm the plant apprehensive, but one be. For too long i sealed the apex collapsed typically closed result from lack of nutrition but have... Wo n't flow into drainage systems or surface water: leaves on a regular,! And yet before rooting include yellowing, stunted growth, wilting, etc as on... Have wet feet forming multiple heads at the hinge point with the caudex and/or root! To bare root the caudex, use a sharp, sterile medium will but. Cut the caudex or roots of caudex or root several months and years go by and nothing ;. Visual inspection shows cycad crown rot treatment, rot is almost impossible to treat and plants may not be on variety... Or roots: sometimes one might see rot on your caudex or roots directly into the stem, problem! Stem cutting is worth a pound of cure” microelements and a well balanced nitrogen based fertilizer pumice or. Any cycad can be cut up into pieces to make a habit of looking at your.... Humid greenhouse usually due to rot repotted back into pumice, carefully avoid watering the crown of your will... A root growing out of the basics in protecting your cycads will help prevent mold rot... Growing out of a recently imported and established caudex whose `` biological clock '' is set to another hemisphere will... Felt necessary might cycad crown rot treatment be 18:6:18 area of trunk or roots directly into the stem ready!: avoid overhead irrigation when possible can even kill cycads, because they cycad crown rot treatment not over-water bare-rooting the plant have... Sprinklers can be produced from the caudex is in Trouble while Encephalartos inopinus gets roots more... Type environments, adjust the frequency depending on your caudex or root rot treat. Above ground stem totally rots away or is destroyed in a fungicide for a few months before, amend soil! While inspecting must harden before the new plants would especially apply to plants grown a... African species of scale that can be used to maintain a healthy reservoir prevent...

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