religious policy of mughals upsc

Dec 07, 2020 - Satish Chandra: Summary of Climax And Disintegration of Mughal Empire I UPSC Notes | EduRev is made by best teachers of UPSC. He was one of those persons who having faith in the righteousness of their conscience completely ignore the viewpoint of others and attempt to convert them to their ideals however defective these may be. He also ordered for the expulsion of all Jains from Gujarat when he felt dissatisfied with them. To the Muslim as to the Hindu, it heralded the dawn of a new era, to the Muslim with the birth of the promised Mahdi, to the Hindu with the realization of the all-absorbing love of God.”. Srivastava contends that the majority of contemporary historians described that the policy of Aurangzeb was that of intolerance. At this state of weakness, taking advantage of the situation Akbar decided to attack Ahmadnagar in 1596 under the leadership of Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan.Abu’l Fazl explains this attack in the context of how all of Hindustan must be brought under the liberal and benevolent rule of Akbar. The dominant note of this awakening was love and liberalism— love that united man to God and therefore to his brother man, and liberalism, born of this love that levelled down the barriers of caste and creed, and took its stand on the bed-rock of human existence and essence of all religions— Universal Brotherhood. were also invited at the court. In times of peace, he adopted no such measure. The causes for the downfall of the Mughal Empire were varied. However, the wholesale destruction of temples and schools was not possible. Your email address will not be published. The Mughal Deccan policy started from Akbar’s period as Babur and Humayun were only concerned with the consolidation of North India which was a logical step.Akbar’s movements into the Deccan began in 1591 as he sent diplomatic missions to the Deccan states asking them to accept nominal sovereignty of the Mughal state which they refused. He either failed to understand the consequences of his religious policy or did not bother about them. The Christian missionaries failed to influence Akbar in any way, yet, they were permitted to establish churches at Cambay, Lahore, Hugli and Agra. Some historians have tried to prove that the motivating factors of the policy of Aurangzeb were not religious but Aurangzeb desired to bring India under one rule and one administration. He was a wise, practical and a shrewd diplomat. “For the first time in their history the Mughuls beheld a rigid Muslim in their Emperor a Muslim as sternly repressive of himself as of his people around him, a king who was prepared to stake his throne for the sake of his faith.”. His tutor, Abdul Latif had so much liberal religious views that he was regarded a Sunni in Persia and a Shia in northern India. UPSC Prelims is the screening stage of the Civil Services Exam which is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission every year. Maharashtra regained its independence. He, therefore, remained liberal in its propagation. The number of members of Din-i-Ilahi remained limited only to some thousands. Chand Bibi put up a strong resistance but realized the futility of this and negotiated a peace settlement. Sarkar has also commented: “In Hindustan the administration rapidly deteriorated, peace, prosperity and the arts decreased, and the entire Indian civilisation fell backwards. His abolition of pilgrim-tax and the Jizya, construction of the Ibadat Khana etc. In 1581 A.D., he prohibited the slaughter of sheep and horses; himself stopped taking meat for nine months in a year; stopped hunting which was his favourite pastime; and, in 1587 A.D. prohibited slaughter of animals for nearly six months in a year. He dressed very simply, never touched alcohol and did not keep more than four wives at a time. Babur and Humayun had no time to pursue a clear-cut religious policy. A) Akbar done clear. Hence the Mughal position in the Deccan remained uncertain and had to be tackled anew by Jahangir. Chand Bibi, the sister of Burhan and the widow of the Adil Shahi ruler of Bijapur favored Bahadur, Burhan’s son who was the strongest claimant to the throne. He desired to convert this Dar-ul-harb (India) into the realm of Dar-ul-Islam. Tripathi is even more inclined in his favour. Some Christian missionaries who failed to convert Akbar to Christianity also criticised him but with no serious adverse conquence to him. Mewar too sided with Marwar for some time though afterwards signed a treaty with the Mughuls. Muslims kept beards during his rule and added Ahmad or Mohammad to their names. Ralph Fitch (a British traveler) had written about Patna (Bihar) as, “Here the women bedecked with silver and copper that it is strange to see, they use no shoes by reason of the rings of silver and copper they wear on their toes." Smith and Woolsely Haig as the Infallibility Decree of Akbar and they have commented that this meant that ‘Akbar desired to become emperor as well as Pope.’ But, their opinion is not accepted by the majority of historians. Therefore, it became necessary for him to respect Hinduism. Babur was a Sunni Muslim. … To his great empire his devoted zeal was an unmitigated curse.”. “The sixteenth century is a century of religious revival in the history of the world. When Jaswant Singh died in 1678 A.D., Aurangzeb occupied Marwar. Aurangzeb failed not only in his objective, he also ruined his empire. Amid confused fighting the role of Khan-i-Khanan, who was the Mughal commander in the Deccan, was crucial. Unlike Aurangzeb, among all Mughal emperors Akbar implemented the most liberal religious policy. Dr K.R. These conflicting forces took sides of princes, opposed to each other, in the war of succession. Abul Fazl, the chief priest of this order, himself did not accept it as a religious order. However, these charges against Akbar have no evidences. The man who desired to become the member of this order could meet the Emperor on any Sunday and place his turban at his feet. The DÄ«n-i-IlāhÄ« (Persian: دين إله ‎, lit. The phase of the re-imposition of jizya was a period of growing political and economic difficulties for Aurangzeb, with internal unrest of Jats, Satnamis and Sikhs; political oppression of Afghans and Marathas; climaxed by rebellion on the part of the old, established allies, the Rathors of Marwar; and foreign threat i.e. He oppressed them from the very beginning of his reign and became still more severe with them after the death of Raja Jai Singh, Raja Raghunath (Diwan) and Raja Jaswant Singh respectively. Reviewing the acts of religious intolerance of Aurangzeb, Dr S.R. Sharma has expressed: “Sher Shah was only a product of his own age as far as his religious policy was concerned. The Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur, the Maratha king Shambuji and his minister Kavi Kalesh were promised immunity from punishment on condition of embracing Islam. He had faith in God and observed principles of Islam in a normal way. Mughal relations with other rulers when he felt unhappy with them then there remains no reason to charge him for fanaticism against the Sikhs, the Hindus, the Jains or the Christians. Aurangzeb completely reversed the religious policy of Akbar. Now, who was a better emperor? Temples in Banaras, Allahabad, Gujarat and Kashmir were broken during his reign. He even gave Jagirs to temples. It has also been opined that apart from his individual religious views, Aurangzeb was forced by circumstances to pursue the policy of religious orthodoxy. He took these measures only during the course of wars in order to inspire his followers. This policy of Akbar evolved gradually. In the seventh year of his reign, Shah Jahan had ordered that those Hindus who would embrace Islam would get their share from the property of their father immediately. The failure of Akbar’s diplomatic offensive postulated a more active intervention in the Deccan. Aurangzeb reversed the policy of Akbar and tried to establish the supremacy of Islam in India. In 1679 A.D., Aurangzeb imposed Jizya on the Hindus. They have formed this opinion because of the writings of the historian Badayuni and certain contemporary Christian mission­aries. Therefore, he himself devoted his entire life to fulfill this object. "Religion of God"), known during its time as Tawḥīd-i-IlāhÄ« ("Divine Monotheism", lit: "Oneness of God") or Divine Faith was a syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582, intending to merge some of the elements of the religions of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that divided his subjects. ... of jagir and mansab systems, Rajput policy, Evolution of religious and social outlook, Theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy, Court patronage of art and technology. Certainly Babur exhibited intolerance in India on several occasions. 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