This advice includes: Routine scheduling and giving of an influenza vaccine with a COVID-19 vaccine on the same day is not recommended. Like human influenza virus, EI virus is prone to mutation and if EI became endemic in the Australian horse population, it is likely that mutation would eventually render current vaccines ineffective, requiring new vaccines to be developed. These cases are particularly dangerous as they can spread virus and could initiate a serious outbreak of disease.As a consequence of the risks involved the FEI Bureau and General Assembly have approved a rule-change requiring all horses competing in FEI competition to be vaccinated every 6 months. Equine Influenza Virus compliance, or ineffective vaccines (20). Snake Bite. Central Asia, Australia, and Japan experienced large equine influenza virus (EIV) outbreaks in 2007 (1,2).Serious outbreaks of EIV have occurred throughout history, causing substantial economic distress worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries (). Vaccination of susceptible horses formed … The infection causes an elevated temperature and coughing which is an easy method of spread from one horse to another. The features of rapid spread and high morbidity assist the differentiation of EI from other infectious and non-infectious respiratory diseases. Equine influenza in Australia. At the national level, notifications of laboratory-confirmed inf… In the U.S., it is most commonly seen in young horses around 2 to 3 years of age and frequently encountered at racetracks. Secondly, vaccines do not generate the same immunity as natural infection. Univalent vaccines are to be preferred over combination vaccines, especially with regard to vaccination against tetanus. Even with an effective vaccine, it is unlikely that eno… Animals seroconvert about 2-3 weeks after infection. Equine Influenza Outbreak in Australia: an Update 20 September 2007. Activity– Currently, influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) activity is lower than average for this time of year compared to previous years, and is consistent with past activity following a peak in notifications and coming to the end of the influenza season. In Australia, influenza vaccine has been supplied free-of-charge for pregnant women through the National Immunisation Program since 2010, and in November 2011, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists strongly endorsed routine vaccination of all pregnant women against influenza. Quarantine zones were then placed around each new infection site. +41 21 310 47 47 F. + 41 21 310 47 60Email : f.sluyter@horsesport.org. The aims of this study were first to identify the equine influenza vaccination rate as reported in 2016 by horse owners in the United Kingdom (UK), second, to examine the demographics of owners and horses which were associated with significantly lower reported influenza vaccination rates and third, to explore factors that influence horse-owners’ decisions around influenza vaccine uptake. Potomac Horse Fever. National arrangements are in place to support such a response. The report on Equine Influenza Vaccine Market provides qualitative as well as quantitative analysis in terms of market dynamics, competition scenarios, opportunity analysis, market growth, etc. 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia. Equine Influenza Virus compliance, or ineffective vaccines (20). 1 Turnaround times are provided as a guide only. The majority of the recreational horse populations in Australia… The following diseases should be considered in the differential diagnosis: Virus titres are highest during the initial 24-48 hours of fever, which is the best time to sample for detection of the virus. Equine influenza immunity in the Special Restricted Area (Purple Zone) of New South Wales, Australia Aust Vet J . Recent outbreaks of EI have demonstrated the ease with which EI virus (EIV) can be transmitted internationally. Tubes containing PBGS can be ordered via the. The disease has been recorded throughout history, and when horses were the main draft animals, outbreaks of EI crippled the economy. 3 Specification of Vaccine – all proprietary equine influenza vaccines are acceptable to the FEI irrespective of the route of administration. Countries free of equine influenza include Iceland, Australia and New Zealand. Please note that until 31 December 2004, annual booster vaccinations are permitted and from 1 January 2005, bi-annual boosters are required.7 Change in the vaccination schedule - When the vaccination schedule is changed from annual to bi-annual, the horse does not need a new primary vaccination.Sanctions8 The Bureau has approved the following table for warnings and sanctions of passport irregularities:8.1 Warnings will be issued by the FEI from 1 January 2005 until 31 December 2005 as a reminder that 6-month booster vaccination for influenza is now mandatory.8.2 As from 1 January 2006 a system of fines will be imposed by the Appeal Committee/Ground Jury for failure to comply with 6-month booster vaccinations.8.2.1 Less than one week after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 2008.2.2 Less than two weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 3008.2.3 Less than four weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 4008.2.4 More than four weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 500, and cancellation of the horse’s participation in the event.8.3 Fines for other infringements relating to influenza vaccination will be as follows:a) if no evidence of any current vaccination in passport: a maximum penalty of CHF 500. National arrangements are in place to support such a response. For specific information about your submission please contact Customer Service.2 Confirmation testing of positives may affect turnaround time.3 Turnaround time is dependent on urgency. These outbreaks were caused by h3n8 equine influenza viruses (eivs) of the American lineage. Univalent vaccines are to be preferred over combination vaccines, especially with regard to vaccination against tetanus.4 Details of Administration – vaccines must be administered by a veterinarian and the details of the vaccine, serial/batch number, the date and route of administration must be recorded in the FEI passport.5 Booster vaccinations must be given at 6-month intervals. EI is endemic in Europe (except Iceland) and in North and South America. Racing NSW Chief Steward Marc Van Gestel says the equine influenza outbreak of 2007 helped prepare the industry for the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. (For example, a horse vaccinated on 18 March, has a window for the next vaccination from 18 Sep to 9 Oct). NR Perkins; WR Webster; T Wright; I Denney; I Links ; Pages: 126-134; First Published: 29 June 2011; Abstract; Full text PDF; References; Request permissions; no Equine influenza: patterns of disease and seroprevalence in Thoroughbred studs and implications for vaccination. Equine influenza vaccine schedule: A primary course of two injections given between 21 and 92 days apart. Australia remained free of equine influenza until 2007 when 10,651 horses were infected over three months. Nowadays outbreaks still have a severe impact on the horse industry. In 2007, Australia experienced the most extensive equine influenza outbreak observed in recent years. VICTORIAN BORDER RESTRICTIONS TO REMAIN. Australia imple - mented an awareness and information campaign to sup-plement its interventions, which included quarantining, restricting horse movement, decontaminating properties, establishing disease control zones, and increasing surveil - lance and vaccination. The affected horses in this area had all been vaccinated, and no specific cause has been found for the introduction of the disease. Targeting the horse's respiratory system, the influenza virus damages the lining and mucous membranes in the animal's respiratory … The AISR aims to increase awareness of influenza activity in Australia by providing an analysis of the various surveillance data sources throughout Australia. Epub 2010 Aug 3. This outbreak was eradicated within six months and Equine influenza has not been detected in Australia since. … In the 2007 Australian outbreak, coughing was inconsistently reported. Global Equine Influenza Vaccine Market is estimated to be valued US$ XX.X million in 2019. The $1.8 billion deal struck by the federal government will see the Tullamarine complex become the largest influenza manufacturing facility in the southern hemisphere. Death in adult horses is usually a consequence of secondary bacterial infection. Authors Janet M Daly 1 , Shona MacRae, J Richard … The Gene Technology (Equine Influenza Vaccine) Emergency Dealing Determination 2007 (the 2007 Determination) ... Australia from the equine influenza virus. Equine influenza OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition, OIE Headquarters, 16 April 2020 Conclusions and Recommendations. Strangles. The strategy involves a combination of movement restrictions, biosecurity measures, ring vaccination and the establishment of vaccination buffer zones. In vaccinated horses serology may be complicated by the presence of vaccine-induced antibody, unless vaccines that allow differentiation of infected and vaccinated horses have been used. Equine influenza is the disease caused by strains of influenza A that are enzootic in horse species. Firstly, equine influenza, like other influenza viruses, undergoes continuous antigenic drift, which means that antibodies raised against one strain will not necessarily protect against a different strain of virus and is one of the reasons why we see periodic outbreaks of influenza in vaccinated horses. The preferred minimum interval between a dose of seasonal influenza vaccine and a dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S is 14 days. SIR,— During 2007, major outbreaks of equine influenza occurred in Asia and Australia, affecting more than 100,000 horses. Definition Equine influenza virus is a RNA virus which is endemic in horse populations in many countries worldwide and which occurs sporadically in epidemic form from time to time. Vaccination of susceptible horses high … In the past 20 years serious outbreaks have occurred in a number of countries (including Australia in 2007), associated with importations of subclinically infecte… The OIE Expert Influenza Surveillance panel, reviews currently circulating strains and makes recommendations for strain inclusion in the vaccine products. SIR,— During 2007, major outbreaks of equine influenza occurred in Asia and Australia, affecting more than 100,000 horses. These outbreaks were caused by h3n8 equine influenza viruses (eivs) of the American lineage. Horses that travel or are exposed to other horses are most at risk. This paper describes the complexities involved in the selection of a vaccine and its distribution. 1. Symptoms are similar to those in a human with a cold, including dry cough, nasal discharge, fever and loss of appetite. Influenza activity in 2019-20; Since the previous meeting in April 2019, outbreaks of equine influenza were reported in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. intramuscular injection or intranasal). Foal Vaccination Chart . A 10 km (6 mi) quarantine zone was declared around Eastern Creek Quarantine Station and the Centennial Parklands Equestrian Centre, where the first infections were identified, on 24 August. If it were to become established, it would have a major impact on the horse industry. Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease that is very common in horses but rarely causes death. It is estimated that one infected horse can easily infect ten in-contact horses causing the rapid spread of the disease. The likely protection that would be provided by two modern vaccines commercially available in the European Union (an ISCOM-based and a canarypox-based vaccine) at the time of the outbreaks was determined. This rule will be reviewed annually by the FEI Veterinary Committee and can be altered if the vaccination or disease situation changes.Rule change approved by the General Assembly 2004"The FEI requirement for equine influenza vaccination will be for booster vaccinations at 6-month intervals as from 1 January 2005. Furthermore, s … Equine influenza: a review of an unpredictable virus Vet J. Equine Influenza The Liphook Equine Hospital , Forest Mere, Liphook, Hampshire, GU30 7JG Practice Office: 01428 723594 / Hospital Office: 01428 727200 Email: post@theleh.co.uk Websitewww.theleh.co.uk Equine Influenza virus is one of the most contagious diseases that affects horses and can be devastating in susceptible populations. The agriculture emergency response system is based on a partnership between Australian, State and Territory governments and industry that has matured over many decades through responses to a number of disease outbreaks, including Australia's previous avian influenza outbreaks and the more recent equine influenza outbreak. Influenza is endemic in the equine population of the United States and throughout much of the world, with the notable exceptions of New Zealand, Australia, and Iceland. EI surveillance maintains awareness of emergence and international spread of antigenic variants. Equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly-spreading outbreaks of respiratory disease in susceptible populations of horses. Animals; Horse Diseases/epidemiology* Horse Diseases/etiology; Horse Diseases/prevention & control* Horses; Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/immunology* Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use; New South Wales/epidemiology; … Annual boosters are required thereafter (must be given within 365 days of previous injection). Dealing with infectious disease: lessons of equine influenza in Australia. The highly contagious nature of equine influenza means that it has the potential to seriously compromise international movement of horses. In the past 20 years serious outbreaks have occurred in a number of countries (including Australia in 2007), associated with importations of subclinically infected horses and inadequate post-arrival quarantine procedures. An equine influenza outbreak is impacting the local burro populations in Redlands as dozens of burros have died from the virus since mid-October and the … In these countries most outbreaks are minor and sporadic, because of the high level of vaccination. EI is caused by two subtypes of influenza A viruses: H7N7 and H3N8, of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Equine vaccination is most commonly performed against equine influenza (EI) and tetanus, with an owner‐based survey reporting 71.3% horses were vaccinated for both EI and tetanus in Great Britain 1 with lower vaccination rates in ponies, retired and companion animals. Animals; Horse Diseases/epidemiology* Horse Diseases/etiology; Horse Diseases/prevention & control* Horses ; Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/immunology* Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use; New South Wales/epidemiology; … The FEI will accept intranasal vaccines for both primary and booster doses. SIR, — As colleagues may be aware, subsequent to an outbreak of h3n8 influenza in horses in Australia this August, an eradication programme is currently in progress in Queensland and New South Wales.. Equine influenza in Australia. Equine Influenza (EI) is a highly contagious though rarely fatal respiratory disease of horses, donkeys and mules and other equidae. Reeve-Johnson L. PMID: 17982150 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: Letter; MeSH Terms. Vaccination failures have been documented in Australia and the highest risk for canine parvovirus vaccination failure was identified in puppies receiving a last vaccination before 16 weeks of age. IntroductionEquine Influenza is a viral respiratory disease which is highly contagious to susceptible horses. The primary clinical signs include pyrexia, nasal discharge (initially serous and later mucous or mucopurulent), and a deep, dry, hacking cough. Because EIV H7N7 has not been isolated since the late 1970s and the Eurasian strain of H3N8 has not been seen since 2007, [8,11] OIE suggests omitting these from equine influenza vaccines. Clinical Signs Rarely, it causes deaths in young foals and debilitated or old horses. Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious though rarely fatal respiratory disease of horses, donkeys, mules and other equidae. Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses. This requires 2 doses of vaccine administered between a minimum of 21 to a maximum of 92 days apart (1-3 months). Australia imple - mented an awareness and information campaign to sup-plement its interventions, which included quarantining, restricting horse movement, decontaminating properties, establishing disease control zones, and increasing surveil - lance and vaccination. Tony Burke MP, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, on 12 June 2008. A shorter vaccination interval is obviously permitted.6 The entering of vaccination details in new FEI passports/recognition cards or duplicates – if the vaccination history of a horse is very long, the veterinarian who has filled in the descriptive page of the passport/recognition card may use a specific statement to certify that the vaccinations have been administered in accordance with FEI regulations (for the exact wording see veterinary regulations, Annex II.I.11). Vaccination Guidelines Bibliography. 10 When the MDA level has reduced, the neonate is at risk of disease unless successful active immunisation from vaccination is achieved. This means that towards the end of the vaccination year horses may become susceptible to infection again, but may not show clinical signs of disease. Outbreaks of the disease are occurring with increased frequency worldwide despite the widespread use of vaccines. EI is endemic in Europe (except Iceland) and in North and South America. The majority of the recreational horse populations in Australia, Kazakhstan, The Report of the Equine Influenza Inquiry and the Government's Response was released by The Hon. ProteqFlu is used to vaccinate horses from 4 months of age against equine influenza. This can happen before any visible signs are shown by the horse. Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Leptospirosis. News. Veterinary Record 165: 550. "Implementation of the Rule change1 Primary course of vaccination - a primary course should always be given according to the manufacturer’s instructions by injection or intranasal administration.
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