Charles Towne (Charleston) in the Carolina Colony was established by the English in 1670. Rubén Darío, Latin America’s greatest poet, took Modernismo to Spain in 1892. Contemporaneous with the Generation of 1898 but belonging aesthetically to the 19th century, Blasco Ibáñez wrote regional novels of Valencia, crusaded for socialism, and treated contemporary social problems from an anarchist perspective in such novels as La bodega (1905; “The Wine Vault”; Eng. Her 19 major novels also represent mainstream Spanish realism, experiments with Symbolism, and spiritualism; she figures among Spain’s major short-story writers with some 800 stories. Amar published on many topics, most frequently women’s right to education. Carolina Coronado’s early fame rested on a collection of poetry, Poesías, first published in 1843. A subgenre vigorously cultivated was the misogynistic treatise warning against women’s wiles. Continuing his literary experimentation, Cela attained greater technical heights in La colmena (1951; The Hive), portraying divided Madrid society during the harsh winter of 1941–42. Retrieved last March, 2016. In 1850 she published two short novels, Adoración and Paquita. They wrote Neoclassic drama: comedias lacrimosas (tearful plays), zarzuelas (musical comedies), sainetes, Romantic tragedies, and costumbrista comedies. Employing Classical and Renaissance models, these reformers rejected Baroque excess, restoring poetry’s clarity and harmony. The Enchantments of Love: Amorous and Exemplary Novels) and Desengaños amorosos (1647; “Disillusion in Love”). The Civil War decimated Spanish intellectuals, artists, and writers, and the country’s culture went into decline, uninterrupted by a brief spate of triunfalismo (“triumphalism”) that lasted through the 1940s, when the victorious Falange, the Spanish fascist party, engaged in propagandistic self-glorification. Later works exhibit increased philosophical, political, and metaphysical concerns: Aventura en lo gris (1963; “Adventure in Gray”), El tragaluz (1967; “The Skylight”), El sueño de la razón (1970; The Sleep of Reason), and La fundación (1974; The Foundation). Change ), Summary: Philippine Literature in the Spanish Colonial Period. Culteranismo, the ornate, roundabout, high-flown style of which Luis de Góngora y Argote was archpriest, attempted to ennoble the language by re-Latinizing it. Other playwrights who emerged in the closing years of the 20th century include Miguel Romeo Esteo, Francisco Rojas Zorrilla, Angel García Pintado, Marcial Suárez, Jerónimo López Mozo, Domingo Miras, and Alberto Miralles. The other stylistic movement, conceptismo, played on ideas as culteranismo did on language. Calderón contributed to an emerging musical comedy form, the zarzuela (El jardín de Falerina [1648; “The Garden of Falerina”]), and cultivated many subgenres; his numerous secular plays encompassed both comedy and tragedy. Many scrolls and records of pre-colonial history of the Philippines were burnt or were already gone because of its age. Ferdinand VII’s anachronistic attempts to restore absolutist monarchy drove many liberals into exile in England and France, both countries then under the sway of Romanticism. Contemporaneous with the Generation of 1898 but ideologically and aesthetically distinct was Jacinto Benavente y Martínez. A reference in King Alfonso X’s legal code suggested the existence of some popular secular drama in the 13th century, but no texts have survived. His novels include Amado monstruo (1985; Dear Monster) and Napoleón VII (1999). Corrections? 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