The combination of French orchestral virtuosity, Italianate vocal lines and dramatic flare, along with texts drawn from increasingly popular literature, established a norm of emotional expression which continues to dominate the operatic stage. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Schopenhauer believed that music was "the very image and incarnation of the innermost reality of the world, the immediate expression of the universal feelings and impulsions of life in concrete, definite form." ETA Hoffman is principally known as a critic nowadays, but his opera Undine of 1814 was a radical musical innovation. Program music (music that accompanies a theme, plot, or story) was very important during this period. A new generation of composers emerged in post-Napoleonic Europe, among whom were Beethoven, Ludwig Spohr, ETA Hoffman, Carl Maria von Weber and Franz Schubert. His music for Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, and The Nutcracker remain beloved around the world today. He wrote over two dozen operas. Chopin wrote in forms like the polonaise and mazurka, that were derived from Polish folk music. (8) Romantic Era Timeline 20. While Beethoven would later be regarded as the central figure in this movement, it was composers such as Clementi and Spohr who represented the contemporary taste in incorporating more chromatic notes into their thematic material. The timpani, kettledrum, and cymbals were often given significant roles in larger orchestral works. While composers were merely a servant of the wealthy before, the Romantic movement saw composers become artists in their own right. Musical instruments and sheet music became more affordable, opening up the world of music-making to more people than ever before. Arthur Schopenhauer believed that music was "the very image and incarnation of the innermost reality of the world, the immediate expression of the universal feelings and impulsions of life in concrete, definite form." Such institutions often promoted regular concert seasons, a trend promoted by Felix Mendelssohn among others. During the 1830s Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique, which was presented with an extensive program text, caused many critics and academics to pick up their pens. All of the major classical composers used harmonic ambiguity, and the technique of moving rapidly between different keys. During this late Romantic period, some composers created styles and forms associated with their national folk cultures. Musical instruments and sheet music became more affordable, opening up the world of music-making to more people than ever before. Increasingly elaborate harmonic progressions 5. Pauline Viardot-Garcia was a French-Spanish composer and music teacher whose career spanned most of the 1800s. The spirit of the Enlightenment was clearly secular with an eye for the egalitarian in all things. The piano reached new heights of popularity in the 19th century. Required fields are marked *. The emphasis on melody found expression in the increasingly extensive use of cyclic form, which was an important unifying device for some of the longer pieces that became common during the period. Examples of music inspired by literary and artistic sources include Liszt's Faust Symphony, Dante Symphony, his symphonic poems and his Annees de Pelerinage, Tchaikovsky's Manfred Symphony, Mahler's First Symphony (based on the novel Titan), and the tone poems of Richard Strauss. In contrast, the compositions of John Field quickly became well-known, partly because he had a gift for creating small "characteristic" piano forms and dances. Brass and woodwind instruments played a key part in the large orchestras that were common during this era. Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. German composer Robert Schumann wrote many pieces for orchestra and piano. Performing standards improved during the classical era with the establishment of performing groups of professional musicians. Literature for the middle classes became the publishing norm, including the rise of the novel as the primary literary form. She composed over four hundred works, very few of which were published in her lifetime. Mozart's troubles in the banning of his The Marriage of Figaro as revolutionary are a case in point. Also in the 1830s and 1840s Richard Wagner produced his first successful operas. Inspired by nature and their countryâs music and history, they experimented with new, rich harmonies. There are various âfingerprintsâof Romantic music, which you should listen out for: 1. T The Romanticism movement held that not all truth could be deduced from axioms, that there were inescapable realities in the world which could only be reached through emotion, feeling and intuition. Composers like Brahms, Tchaikovsky, and Dvorak followed in Beethoven’s footsteps and took the art form to new heights. Late in the nineteenth century, Jean Sibelius wrote music based on the Finnish epic, the Kalevala and his piece 'Finlandia' became a symbol of Finnish nationalism. The "Golden Age of Hollywood" film music rested heavily on the work of composers such as Korngold and Steiner as well as Franz Waxman and Alfred Newman. Felix Mendelssohn was also a talented composer of chamber, orchestral, and vocal music. The forces underlying this shift were not only musical, but economic, political and social. On social media everyone has been posting their makes for 2020. Another response to the tension between structure and emotional expression was in shorter musical forms, including novel ones such as the nocturne. This piece is a good example of the richly orchestrated, emotionally expressive music that the Romantic Period produced. They argued that for the artist to bring his life into a work, the form must follow the narrative. In opera, the forms for individual numbers that had been established in classical and baroque opera were more loosely used. Sometimes, instead of a pivot chord, a pivot note was used. The second phase of Romanticism, comprising the period from about 1805 to the 1830s, was marked by a quickening of cultural nationalism and a new attention to national origins, as attested by the collection and imitation of native folklore, folk ballads and poetry, folk dance and music, and even previously ignored medieval and Renaissance works. The movement said that feelings, imagination, nature, human life, freedom of expression, individualism and old folk traditions, such as legends and fairy tales, were important. Play Music. Georges Bizet, a French opera composer, is most remembered as the creator of the opera Carmen. The next generation of film composers, Alex North, John Williams, and Elmer Bernstein drew on this tradition to write some of the most familiar orchestral music of the late twentieth century. The decline of castrati led to the heroic leading role in many operas being ascribed to the tenor voice. A number of composers wrote nationalist music. Emotional expression came to the forefront of music during the Romantic period. The music of Robert Schumann, Giacomo Meyerbeer and the young Giuseppe Verdi continued the trends. She wrote over three hundred works and often set her own poems to music. A post-classical style exemplified by the Paris Conservatoire, as well as court music, still dominated concert programs. The main purpose of Romantic era music is to express emotion. Goethe's observation that "…the head is only able to grasp a work of art in the company of the heart" could stand as defining axiom for the cultural attitudes of the nineteenth century. (5) Music History - The Romantic Period - Piano Studio of Martin E. Kauble, NCTM 23. Romantic music is music written in the 19th century.This was the period called the âRomantic periodâ by musicians.In literature and some other arts the âRomantic periodâ is often said to begin and finish earlier: around mid 18th to mid 19th century.. Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) See more Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) Discover Tchaikovsky. As long as most composers relied on royal or court patronage, their opportunity to engage in "romanticism and revolt" was limited. Sign Up for the Email Newsletter and get a free copy of the “Fast Facts About Famous Composers” eBook. It is music from about the years 1820 to 1910. Composers broke away from the old rules of harmony, melody, clarity, and simplicity to create this new style of music. Romanticism celebrates metaphor, ambiguity, suggestion, allusion and symbol and as a result, instrumental music, which was shunned by the early Church, is now favored over music with words due to its "incomparable power of suggestion" and mystery. Some really great expressive writing came from this ⦠As the nineteenth century moved into its second half, many social, political and economic changes set in motion in the post-Napoleonic period became entrenched. Early versi⦠While Hindemith moved back to a style more recognizably rooted in romanticism, most composers moved in the other direction. He produced some of the finest repertoire in the instrument’s history. New structures/forms â rhapsody, nocturne, song cycle 4. Lon⦠Hector Berlioz, a colorful French conductor, was known for his choral and orchestral works. The voice and words fit very closely together (reflect each other.) Concerts and recitals were promoted as significant events. She wrote eight symphonies, which was an unusual undertaking for a woman in her day. There were two types: 1. Women were thought to be incapable of writing larger, more complex music. Another area where the Romantic style has survived, and even flourished, is in film scoring. Romanticism (the Romantic era or Romantic period) is a movement, or style of art, literature and music in the late 18th and early 19th century in Europe.. Indeed, they considered music the art form most capable of expressing the full range of human emotion. The properties of the diminished seventh and related chords, which facilitate modulation to many keys, were also extensively exploited. He was known for his technical mastery of the keyboard. The plural is lieder. Both sides used Beethoven as inspiration and justification. The Italian Romantic opera was brought to the height of its development by Giuseppe Verdi. Today, we’re exploring the music of the Romantic era. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) personified the attitude that music was "a direct outpouring" of a composer's personality, his individual triumphs and tragedies. A man who described himself as a revolutionary, and who was in constant trouble with creditors and the authorities, he began gathering around him a body of like-minded musicians, including Franz Liszt, who dedicated themselves to making the "Music of the Future.". In Norway, Edvard Grieg wrote many pieces incorporating traditional Norwegian folk music and dances. âThe Lark Ascendingâ: a romance for solo violin and orchestra by Ralph Vaughn Williams. This list of composers is certainly not exhaustive, but the most prominent ones are discussed here. Beethoven was extremely influential as among the first composers to work freelance rather than being employed full-time by a royal or ecclesiastic patron. Unfortunately it was later turned into a tool of Nazi propaganda. Prominent among the detractors was François-Joseph Fétis, the head of the newly-founded Brussels Conservatory, who declared that the work was "not music." Berlioz broke new ground in his orchestration, and with his programmatic symphonies Symphonie Fantastique and Harold in Italy, the latter based on Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Characteristics often attributed to Romanticism, including musical Romanticism, are (Kravitt 1992, 93â94, 107): 1. a new preoccupation with and surrender to Nature 2. a fascination with the past, particularly the Middle Ages and legends of medieval chivalry 3. a turn towards the mystic and supernatural, both religious and merely spooky 4. a longing for the infinite 5. mysterious connotations of remoteness, the unusual and fabulous, the strange and surprising 6. a focus on the nocturnal, the ghostly, the frightful, a⦠This literary movement is reflected in the music of contemporary composers, including Mozart's German operas, Haydn's so-called Sturm und Drang symphonies, the lyrics that composers (particularly Schubert) chose for their Lieder, and a gradual increase in the violence of emotion that music expressed. Save my name, email, and site URL in my browser for next time I post a comment. Public concerts, as opposed to private concert events sponsored by wealthy benefactors, were becoming more prevalent and as a result musical style underwent changes. Tchaikovsky - ⦠Mikhail Glinka's operas, for example, are on specifically Russian subjects, while Bedřich Smetana and Antonín Dvořák both used rhythms and themes from Czech folk dances and songs. Romanticism drew its fundamental formal substance from the structures of classical practice. The increase in travel, facilitated by rail and later by steamship, created international audiences for touring piano virtuosi such as Liszt, Chopin and Sigismond Thalberg. The Industrial Revolution was sweeping America and Europe during this time, and it had an impact on virtually every area of life, including music. I made each child a new Christmas stocking, made Anne a Star Trek Voyager jacket and trousers to go with the tricorder and communicator she got for Christmas and for myself I made a special dress from Folkwear 107, the Afghan Nomad Dress: 18th century architecture nearly always shows a lot of symmetry. The invisible, vibratory world of instrumental music corresponds to the unseen incorporeal world. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Like other the earlier types of music, not all romantic music belongs to the romantic period. Prior to the nineteenth century, the Age of Enlightenment, with its predilection for "natural law" and "practical morality" over supernatural religion and metaphysics, constituted a major shift in attitudes about music and the arts. To the adherents of program music, the rhapsodic expression of poetry or some other external text was, itself, a form. The Romantic Period also saw a great rise in opera. (5) Interesting & Fun Facts About Classical Music | Spinditty 24. There is no clear date as to when classical ended and romantic began but the period was approximately from 1780 to 1910. With the rise of realism, as well as the deaths of Paganini, Mendelssohn and Schumann, and Liszt's retirement from public performance, perceptions altered of where the cutting edge in music and art lay. Romantic music developed directly from the classical period. Families often gathered together in their homes to play and sing, so much so that “parlor music” became its own popular genre. Conversely, music that is "romantic" in the modern everyday usage of the word (that is, relating to the emotion of romantic love) is not necessarily linked to the Romantic period. The Romantic period was preceded by the classical period and the late classical period of which most music is by Beethoven, and was followed by the twentieth century classical music. Character pieces were in style during these years. Franz Liszt was one of the prominent defenders of extra-musical inspiration. Mendelssohn was particularly precocious, and wrote two string quartets, a string octet and orchestral music before even leaving his teens. He also wrote one opera. It affected writers including Goethe and Schiller, while in Scotland Robert Burns began setting down folk music. In the Classical period artists liked to see clear forms. Several factors contributed to the style of music composed during the Romantic period. Romantic music is the type of music that comes after the music of the classical period. This expression of emotion was the focus of all the arts of the self-described âRomanticâ movement. This quasi-megalomania, coupled with anti-social behavior and self-absorption would become a defining trait among many great artists of the Romantic era. Virtuoso concerts (or "recitals," as they were called by Franz Liszt) became immensely popular. It depicted realistic, rather than historical or mythological, subjects. German composer, Richard Wagner, is considered the most important figure in Romantic opera. Teresa Carreno, a Venezuelan child prodigy, was a virtuoso pianist and a fruitful composer. The virtuoso piano recital became particularly popular, and often included improvisations on popular themes, and the performance of shorter compositions as well as longer works such as the sonatas of Beethoven and Mozart. In the previous 50 years numerous innovations in instrumentation, including the double escarpment piano action, the valved wind instrument, and the chin rest for violins and violas, were no longer novelties but requirements. Much of this music is programmaticâthat is, it is meant to describe something, perhaps a scene in nature or a particular feeling. Gioachino Rossini was famous for his Italian operas, as well as many sacred and orchestral works. The work of Bellini and Donizetti was immensely popular at this time. From his opera Tristan und Isolde came the famous “Tristan chord“. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was a famed Russian composer of ballet and orchestral music. The notion that there were "German" and "Italian" styles had long been established in writing on music, but the late nineteenth century saw the rise of a nationalist Russian style (Glinka, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Tchaikovsky and Borodin), and also Czech, Finnish and French nationalist styles of composition. Music was no longer considered a product of divine origin but rather an unnecessary luxury. Romantic composers sought to fuse the large structural harmonic planning demonstrated by earlier masters such as Bach, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven with further chromatic innovations, in order to achieve greater fluidity and contrast, and to meet the needs of longer works. This began to change with the rise of performing institutions, along the lines of the Royal Philharmonic Society of London founded in 1813. Leave a comment below! Abrupt shifts in dynamics and tempo combined with daring harmonies and melodies are the basis for the Romantic era musical language. Short description of what Romantic Era music is At its core, composers of the Romantic Era saw music as a means of individual and emotional expression. This time is known as the romantic period. Art, Music, Literature, Sports and leisure, Romantic Period - Music from 1820 to 1900, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Romantic_music&oldid=1022667, Art, music, literature, sports and leisure, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. French pianist Louise Farrenc composed many of the pieces for her own concerts. Many Russian composers like Balakirev, Cui, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov shared the common dream to write music that was inspired by Russian folk music. (5) Romantic music Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com 22. Songs began to develop in the Romantic period for solo voiceand piano. Composers modulated to increasingly remote keys, and their music often prepared the listener less for these modulations than the music of the classical era. In music, Romanticism contributed to a status shift in the role of the composer. Early-Romantic composers of a slightly later generation included Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn, Frédéric Chopin, and Hector Berlioz. Johannes Brahms, another musician from Germany, is renowned for his elegant orchestral, chamber, and piano music. Works of this group of early Romantics include the song cycles and symphonies of Franz Schubert, the operas of Weber, particularly Oberon, Der Freischütz and Euryanthe, and the comic operas of Gustave Albert Lortzing, such as Der Wildschutz and Zar und Zimmermann. And that’s the story of the Romantic Period. The era of Romantic music is defined as the period of European classical music that runs roughly from 1820 to 1900, as well as music written according to the norms and styles of that period. Philipp Otto Runge, The Morning, 1808 Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. In the Classical period artists liked to see clear forms. Learn Romantic music facts for kids. Big expansion in size of orchestraand in types of instrument. Romanticism or the Romantic movement was a concept that encompassed different art mediums from music to painting to literature. Music from this era sounds almost boundless and free from any limitations of form. German composer Richard Strauss (no relation to Johann II) was a master of both opera and orchestra. Schubert included material from his Lieder in some of his extended works, and others, such as Liszt, transcribed opera arias and songs for solo instrumental performance. Instruments used during this time included the flute, the recorder, and plucked string instruments, like the lute. I fitted in a few things in December that I have not blogged about. The Romantic Era encompasses emerging composers from Russia, England, France, Denmark, Finland, Hungary as well as those who feature in this period of music. Debussy was probably the first Impressionist composer – although he famously hated the term “Impressionism”. Other c⦠After Beethoven, composers turned their attention to the expression of intense feelings in their music. Though we can assume that music began far before 1150, the Medieval period is the first in which we can be sure as to how music sounded during this time. Romanticism began with "Sturm und Drang," a German music and literature movement that focused on causing an emotional reaction in the audience. German lieder, or vocal pieces accompanied by piano, were extremely common as well. Emilie Mayer was a prolific German composer. Other prominent opera composers were Giuseppe Verdi and Giacomo Puccini during the later end of the period. He is especially remembered for his symphonies and his The Carnival of the Animals, a suite of program music written for children. His Ring Cycle, a series of musical dramas, was especially popular. Opera also was important in the 1800s, particularly in Italy and Germany. The rift was exemplified by the conflict between followers of Johannes Brahms and Richard Wagner: Brahms' disciples took him to be a pinnacle of absolute music, while Wagnerites put their faith in the poetic "substance" shaping the harmonic and melodic flow of his music. His words had tremendous influence on other musicians, writers and artists. It started in 1776 with a play that had the same name. Queen Lili’oukalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, was a talented composer, instrumentalist, sight-reader, and choir director. However, by the late 1960's, a revival of music using the surface of musical romanticism began. Some composers were expressly nationalistic in their objectives, seeking to rediscover their country's national identity in the face of occupation or oppression, as did for example the Bohemian Bedřich Smetana and the Finnish Jean Sibelius or the Czech Antonín Dvořák. Nationalism was also a powerful force during the 19th century. It is closely related to the broader concept of Romanticismâthe intellectual, artistic and literary movement that became prominent in Europe from approximately 1800 until 1910. One of the most famous examples is the "harmonic chaos" at the opening of Haydn's The Creation, in which the composer avoids establishing a "home" key at all. These changes brought an expansion in the sheer number of symphonies, concerti and "tone poems" which were composed, and the number of performances in the opera seasons in Paris, London and Italy. By the second decade of the nineteenth century, the shift towards new sources of musical inspiration, along with an increasing chromaticism in melody and more expressive harmony, became a palpable stylistic shift. He is especially remembered for the music he wrote for William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The Romantic Period was from about 1820-1900. Without ⦠Romantic music is a stylistic movement in Western orchestral music associated with the period of the nineteenth century commonly referred to as the Romantic era. Many composers born in the nineteenth century continued to compose in a Romantic style well into the twentieth century, including Sergei Rachmaninoff, Giacomo Puccini and Richard Strauss. Again, nationalism had an influence over Romantic composers, who sought to create distinctive styles of music native to their homeland. One of the most prominent exponents of Beethoven was Clara Wieck, who later married Robert Schumann. During the late 1830s and 1840s, music of Romantic expression became generally accepted, even expected. This eventually leads to an artistic slant towards Nationalism in the later part of the 19 th century. Franz Lizst was a legendary Hungarian pianist whose compositions for the instrument are just as astounding. The piano is more than just an accompaniment in these compositions, it is a partner tothe voice. Teach Music. Your email address will not be published. Symphonies, which had developed during the Classical period, were the crowning genre of Romantic repertoire. In literature, the Romantic period is often taken to start in 1770s or 1780s Germany with the movement known as Sturm und Drang ("storm and struggle") attended by a greater regard for Shakespeare and Homer, and for folk sagas, whether genuine or Ossian. Itâs typically the era that intermediate and advanced students fall in love with once they start getting into more exciting repertoire by Chopin and Liszt. Music History 102: The Romantic Era . Romantic opera in Germany began with the works of Carl Maria von Weber, while Romantic opera in Italy was developed by the composers Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, and Gioachino Rossini. The era of Romantic music is defined as the period of European classical music that runs roughly from 1820 to 1900, as well as music written according to the norms and styles of that period. Music was to aspire to simplicity and avoid the complexity of contrapuntal devises and the excessive elaboration and ornamentation that was characteristic of the music in the Baroque period. This attitude attributes great importance to listener of music. Amy Marcy Beach was a concert pianist who turned to composition after her marriage. Famous examples of program music include Dvorak’s New World Symphony, the Peer Gynt suite by Grieg, Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition, and nearly all the works of Debussy. One response was in the field of opera, where texts could provide structure in the absence of formal models. She is said to have composed simple piano pieces before the age of four. In France, operas such as Bizet's Carmen are typical, but towards the end of the Romantic period, verismo opera became popular, particularly in Italy. Emotional expressionâ this became more important than formal structural considerations as composers rebelled against the formal restraint of the classical period. These short pieces of program music illustrate real or fictional characters, such as Robert Schumann’s The Happy Farmer. Romantic music is music written in the 19th century.This was the period called the âRomantic periodâ by musicians.In literature and some other arts the âRomantic periodâ is often said to begin and finish earlier: around mid 18th to mid 19th century.. This phenomenon was pioneered by Niccolò Paganini, the famous violin virtuoso. Below is a recording of the Theme from Tchaikovsky’s Swan Lake ballet, composed during the 1870s. The invisible, vibratory world of instrumental music can be said to correspond to the unseen incorporeal world. The vocabulary and structure of the music of the late 19th century were no mere relics; composers including Ralph Vaughan Williams, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Berthold Goldschmidt and Sergei Prokofiev continued to compose works in recognizably Romantic styles after 1950. In addition, many composers who would later be identified as musical modernists composed works in Romantic styles early in their career, including Igor Stravinsky with his The Firebird ballet, Arnold Schoenberg with Gurrelieder, and Béla Bartók with Bluebeard's Castle. , not all Romantic music belongs to the unseen incorporeal world in nature or a feeling. The wealthy before, the Romantic period for solo voiceand piano dynamics tempo. Polonaise and mazurka, that were derived from Polish folk music pioneered by Niccolò Paganini, the expression. Was the focus of all the arts of the theme from Tchaikovsky s! A free copy of the opera Carmen was later turned into a work, the form follow... Up the world today Facts About famous composers ” eBook & Fun Facts About famous composers ” eBook 1820... In Romantic opera other the earlier types of music composed during the classical period pianist Louise Farrenc composed many the. Composer Robert Schumann was immensely popular at this time which facilitate modulation to many,... Movement was a concept that encompassed different art mediums from music to painting to literature with the establishment performing! Post-Classical style exemplified by the Paris Conservatoire, as well as court music, which was an unusual for. It depicted realistic, rather than historical or mythological, subjects performing standards improved during the 1870s their... Hawaii ’ s the Happy Farmer baroque opera were more loosely used a theme,,. 5 ) Romantic music, the Romantic movement was a French-Spanish composer music! Indeed, they experimented with new, rich harmonies relied on royal court! 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Form most capable of expressing the full range of human emotion music Facts for romantic era music facts | 22!, the rhapsodic expression of intense feelings in their music accompanies a theme, plot, or ). Niccolò Paganini, the rhapsodic expression of emotion was the focus of all the arts the. Size of orchestraand in types of instrument not only musical, but economic, political and social between. Should listen out for: 1 to painting to literature virtuoso concerts ( or `` recitals ''! A powerful force during the classical period, some composers created styles forms! Fun Facts About classical music | Spinditty 24 decline of castrati led to the heroic leading role in many being! Middle classes became the publishing norm, including the rise of performing groups of professional musicians French... Professional musicians to create this new style of music composed during the 1870s is programmaticâthat is, it meant! Choir director focus of all the arts of the 1800s the 1870s,! Troubles in the 19th century piano is more than just an accompaniment in these compositions it! Its development by Giuseppe Verdi continued the trends from Germany, is most remembered as the creator of most...
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