To report dead links, typos, or html errors or suggestions about making these resources more useful use the convenient, Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible. He calls him his well-beloved. Assist her in whatsoever business she has need of you. The benediction at 13:20 certainly captures the scriptural theme of God’s representative treading on the serpent (Gen. 3:15; Ps. (1.) Paul’s Letter to the Romans—and Others,” in. Yet a little while, and he that shall come will come. Concerning Rufus (Romans 16:13), chosen in the Lord. Do not look only at the divisions and offences, but run up those streams to the fountain, and mark those that cause them, and especially that in them which causes these divisions and offences, those lusts on each side whence come these wars and fightings. The other names marked by “east” probably came from the east, according to Lampe. One is that Paul loves these people dearly and wants to enfold them in his arms. Now observe his description of them, in two things:-- (1.) [1.] But how is it made manifest by the scriptures of the prophets? They come from various places. While we are in the midst of so many deceivers, we have great need of that wisdom of the prudent which is to understand his way, Proverbs 14:8. As a sister to Paul: Phebe our sister not in nature, but in grace not in affinity or consanguinity, but in pure Christianity: his own sister in the faith of Christ, loving Paul, and beloved of him, with a pure and chaste and spiritual love, as a sister for there is neither male nor female, but all are one in Christ Jesus, Galatians 3:28. 7 Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellowprisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. Special respect is to be paid to those that set out early, and come to work in the vineyard at the first hour, at the first call. 4 They risked their lives for me. They were his fellow-prisoners. It seems he was a person of honour and account, one in public place, steward or treasurer. 4. Erastus the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and Quartus a brother. Scripture: Romans 11:13–24. He cannot be ashamed of a scheme so beneficent and so grand. She, along with Erastus (16:23), may have helped to pay for the materials involved in producing the letter he was sending. Scripture: Romans 11… Now Christ appears to have been the treasure hid in the field of the Old Testament. I am not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ - This text is best illustrated by Isaiah 28:16; Isaiah 49:23, quoted by the apostle, Romans 10:11; : For the Scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him, shall not be ashamed; i.e. Hard evidence for the feminization of Paul’s ministry strategy comes first from his commendation of Phoebe. Chapter 16. Greet them that be of the household of Narcissus, which are in the Lord. That is a wisely simple man that knows not how to do any thing against the truth. One that was Paul's amanuensis (Romans 16:22): I Tertius, who wrote this epistle. This leads some textual critics to conclude that Π46 had an antecedent that ended at chapter 15, since the final benediction was shifted to the end of that chapter. A holy jealousy of our friends may very well comport with a holy joy in them. Such remembrances as these are usual in letters between friends and yet Paul, by the savouriness of his expressions, sanctifies these common compliments. It is uncertain whether this was Gaius of Derbe (Acts 20:4), or Gaius of Macedonia (Acts 19:29), or rather Gaius of Corinth (1 Corinthians 1:14), and whether any of these was he to whom John wrote his 3 John 1:1. It has the sense of ‘kin’ or ‘ethnic relation.’ Paul uses the term in Romans 9:3 to make clear that he grieves over the situation of his ethnic kin. This challenge can be summarized in the following question: What is the significance of this final chapter of greetings for those of us who are not the original recipients of the letter? In a nutshell, Epp shows how there is no record of any man being named Junias, even though that used to be the suggested form of the masculine name.21 And as for a contraction of Iunianus, Epp follows a scholar named Thorley in asserting that the contraction of Iunianus would be Iunas, rather than the Iunias found here.22 The variant Julia shows that a scribe was reading this as a woman’s name and changed it to a more recognizable woman’s name, perhaps also influenced by the “Julia” of Romans 16:15.23 A last ditch effort to keep women out of leadership roles has been attempted by those who state that “outstanding among the apostles” means that a woman named Junia was recognized as special by the apostles, but was not considered an apostle herself. Lampe points out as well that the verb ‘labor’ (kopiaō), a verb used for performing missionary work and applied to Paul in Galatians 4:11 and 1 Corinthians 15:10, is used four times of women and never for a man here in Romans 16.11. 3:1-2; 9:1-3; 11:1, 28; 16:7, 11, 21). Romans 16 is the sixteenth (and the last) chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.It is authored by Paul the Apostle, while Paul was in Corinth in the mid 50s CE, with the help of a secretary (), Tertius, who adds his own greeting in Romans 16:22. 3 Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh;. 2. Lucius appears to be the same one who comes from Cyrene, mentioned in Chapter 13 of Acts as one of the teachers in the city of Antioch. CHAPTER 16. II. 13:9-10). Paul, not only as a friend, but as a minister and an apostle, who had received grace for grace, thus with authority blesses them with this blessing, and repeats it, Romans 16:24. 1. The commendation of Phoebe also indicates a ministry strategy of Paul that emerges in the greetings that follow. Illustrations of this need in baptism, in visiting the women’s part of a house, in introducing women to the deacon or bishop, may be found in the Apostolical Constitutions.7 In the volume that replaced this commentary for the International Critical Commentary series, Cranfield proves to be more open to Phoebe’s status as holder of a definite office: It is very much more natural…to understand it as referring to a definite office. To whom (says he) not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles who were all beholden to these good people for helping to save the life of him that was the apostle of the Gentiles. Feb 1, 2004. See here what is the right faith--even that which works in obedience and what is the right obedience--even that which springs from faith and what is the design of the gospel--to bring us to both. Tertius either wrote as Paul dictated, or transcribed it fairly over out of Paul's foul copy. Romans 4 Abraham was not justified by works 1 He is father to those of circumcision and to those without it 9 If those of the law are made heirs, where is faith 14 Abraham believed God's promises in hope 17 Righteousness is for us, too, if we believe 23. As N. T. Wright writes in another essay in this volume, “I used to think Romans 16 was the most boring chapter in the letter…” (see p. 7). Romans 16 is a chapter that we usually skip in our Bible studies or devotional reading because it appears to be a "grocery list" of names that we think are unimportant. Read Romans 16:1-16, then discuss these questions: (1) What evidence is there in this passage of the work that women did in the first Christian churches? That which establishes souls is the plain preaching of Jesus Christ. In Romans Chapter 16, Paul warned his followers to beware of those people who wish to divide them by causing infighting and other troubles. It is appropriate now to complete Wright’s quotation, since I only offered the first part of it at the beginning of this essay: “I used to think Romans 16 was the most boring chapter in the letter, and now, as I study and reflect on the names it includes, I am struck by how powerfully they illustrate how the teachings of both Jesus and Paul were being worked out in practice.”, The warning in 16:17-20 appears to some as an abrupt change from the preceding greetings, but with the majority of commentators, it is probably right to view this as integral to the letter and not a later insertion. It will encourage soldiers when they know the war will be at an end quickly, in such a victory. That’s why you cannot teach Romans 16 except out of the context that started back in Romans 12. It is no less than a divine power that establishes the saints. Epp, “Text-Critical, Exegetical, and Socio-Cultural Factors,” 242-46; 281-82. Dec 14, 2003. Aside from translations, commentators have also wondered about Phoebe. Some wives are better able to explain Bible doctrine than their husbands, and in the right setting it is permissible for the woman to take the lead (though certainly not in a local church teaching situation). Now, in this closing chapter, we may observe, I. Epp makes use of the following two articles: Richard S. Cervin, “A Note regarding the Name ‘Junia(s)’ in Romans 16.7,”. Even though our names will never be in Scripture and none of us will probably be recognized or remembered by the world, God knows your name and you are important to Him. They were originally of Rome, but were banished thence by the edict of Claudius, Acts 18:2. In Christian congregations there should be smaller societies linked together in love and converse, and taking opportunities of being often together. How many are there who call Christ Master and Lord, that are far from serving him! 1. It would be easy to find people going from Corinth to Rome, so although the text will not provide certain answers, we must ask why Paul takes care to describe and commend Phoebe at the beginning of his final greetings. A caution to take heed of those who caused divisions, Romans 16:17-20. The poor servant is called, and chosen, and faithful, while the rich master is passed by, and left to perish in unbelief. One would have thought that solemn benediction which closed the foregoing chapter should have ended the epistle and yet here he begins again, and in this chapter he repeats the blessing (Romans 16:20), "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you, Amen." 16 - Mind not high things Better, "Be not high minded" See ro1120 for the same advice, " 17 - Recompence We are to return good for those who are against us mt0538-48, 1co1305-6. 14:1-15:6), and the women and slaves or former slaves we have met in Romans 16:1-15. CHAPTER 16 Romans 16:1-27. The method they take to compass their design: By good words and fair speeches they deceive the hearts of the simple. 16; Romans 13 – A Christian’s Obligation to Government A. It is a very sweet promise (Romans 16:20): The God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet. 16 I recommend to you our sister Phoebe, who is a [ a]servant of the church which is at Cenchrea, 2 that you receive her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the [ b] 1. Epp, “Text-Critical, Exegetical, and Socio-Cultural Factors,” 265. (1-2) A recommendation of Phoebe. 5:3, 23). Greetings to the Christians in Rome. 1. Scripture: Romans 16:27. During all the times of the Old-Testament this mystery was comparatively kept secret in the types and shadows of the ceremonial law, and the dark predictions of the prophets, which pointed at it, but so that they could not stedfastly look to the end of those things, 2 Corinthians 3:13. For I am not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ The reason why he was so ready and willing to preach it, even where he ran the greatest risk of his character and life, was, because it was "the Gospel of Christ" he preached, and he was not ashamed of it. Cranfield refuses to make a final decision, but notes that the reference to “belly” used to be taken to refer to Jesus-followers who were committed to Jewish food laws, but seems to side more with the idea that it might be the Gentile “strong” of Romans 14:1—15:6 who despised the “weak” for their Jewish-influenced diet.27 A diet-related warning is also found in the conclusion of Hebrews, and thus is probably authentic to the end of the letter here (Heb. Paul mentions this, to engage the Christians at Rome to be the more kind to Aquila and Priscilla. Though it were so, yet they were in danger from these seducers. They were of note among the apostles, not so much perhaps because they were persons of estate and quality in the world as because they were eminent for knowledge, and gifts, and graces, which made them famous among the apostles, who were competent judges of those things, and were endued with a spirit of discerning not only the sincerity, but the eminency, of Christians. The history of translations of this word in Romans 16:1 provides a picture in microcosm of how churches have tried to negotiate their way through the question of women in the diaconate. T. W. Manson went so far as to suggest that Paul’s original letter ended at chapter 15, and that what we call chapter 16 was added to a copy of the Roman letter and sent to Ephesus. It is rather to be applied to the victory which all the saints shall have over Satan when they come to heaven, and shall be for ever out of his reach, together with the present victories which through grace they obtain in earnest of that. The matter of this praise. We therefore see that a predominant number of the proper names listed are names that were common among slaves or former slaves. And yet he has something more to say nay, again he repeats the blessing (Romans 16:24), and yet has not done an expression of his tender love. The Christian and government. Here is the recommendation of a friend, by whom (as some think) this epistle was sent--one Phebe, Romans 16:1,2. Romans 16 is the final passage in Paul's long letter to the Christians in Rome. 2. (1.) The sixteenth chapter of Romans was treated as a detachable unit at least as early as the second century, showing that some considered it to be a tagalong compared with the rest of Paul’s letter to the Romans. Since our focus here is on Romans 16 as we encounter it in our Bibles, I will treat it as part of the chapter and ask how well it summarizes the letter. We mean anywhere in the Greek lands (e.g. If the descriptions are limited to people presently performing ministry, Rufus’ mother and the men Andronicus and Urbanus would have to be deleted from this tally, making the proportion six women to three men. Romans 16:17-18. 2 I ask you to receive her in the Lord in a way worthy of his people and to give her any help she may need from you, for she has been the benefactor of many people, including me. This table shows a general trend toward recognizing Phoebe as a church leader, after centuries of relegating her to a ‘servant’ and ‘helper’ role. It is observable how often Paul speaks as if he were concluding, and yet takes fresh hold again. 6 Greet Mary, who bestowed much labour on us. Our redemption and salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ, are, without controversy, a great mystery of godliness. We will list four … [2.] There may be occasion sometimes to improve our interest in our friends, not only for ourselves, but for others also, interest being a price in the hand for doing good. He's sending this letter ahead of him as a way of introducing himself… and of sharing lots (and we mean lots) of theological goodies. 12 Salute Tryphena and Tryphosa, who labour in the Lord. 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